All rights reserved.ĭistribution systems continue to grow and becoming more complex with increasing operational challenges such as protection miscoordination. © 2022 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. However, these can be averted by segmenting the entire network for easy evaluation and monitoring to achieve set goals. However, this method has its challenges, such as the volume of data generated from load flow analysis, training time, and the total distance covered by the network.
It can also detect the shortest possible trip time of 0.02 s and 0.03 s of line current and fault losses, respectively, during fault to avert damage on the line. This review paper proposes a hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) and distance protection scheme that can automatically identify, locate, isolate, predict, correct faults, and real-time monitor and control the entire network. The different approach of fault classification, detection and location was analyzed and critically summarized. We reviewed the protection scheme implemented in the Nigerian transmission network, which has challenges relating to the environment's terrain and a long-distance transmission line of about 20,000 km. This fault occurs due to ageing conductors, lightning stroke, switching surge and human interference.
The transmission line is an integral part of the electrical power system however, a fault has a negative impact on the system, like blackout, power loss, financial losses, and socio-economic impact.
Effective device coordination of the 132/33 kV transmission station is an appropriate sequence of operation of its protective devices. Also, results showed that the individual time current curve (TCC) for the three relays indicated a fault current of 7.746 kA which lasted for 3.57, 3.57 and 3.28 seconds on the network respectively. Results showed that at t = 0 seconds a 3-phase fault of initial symmetrical current root mean square (RMS) of 3.049 kA, peak value of 7.746 kA and a steady state value of 2.615 kA was induced on the 33 kV busbar, which lasted till t = 0.2 seconds upon action of the circuit breaker. Then, a detailed sequence of operation of the station's overcurrent relays was done for standard inverse relay setting, very inverse relay setting and extremely inverse relay setting characteristics. Firstly, a three-phase (3-phase) short circuit test was conducted on the network at the 33 kV busbar. The data for the overcurrent relay coordination analysis used in this study was obtained from the Ohiya Umuahia 132/33 kV substation of the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) while the electric transient analyzer program (ETAP) software was used for the analysis. The efficient and reliable operation of a protection system cannot be overemphasized as any shortfall in such system has both huge financial implications and makes the station dangerous and unsafe.
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